In the last one-decade numbers of review and research, articles have been published on prodrugs. This shows the interest of researchers in prodrugs because of the advantages offered by them over other drug delivery systems. Prodrug design is a method to focus many of the issues that trouble drug discovery and development, such as solidity, virulence, solubility, permeability, and drug targeting. Prodrug design is an effective method for targeting medications by altering their physiochemical, pharmacological, or pharmacokinetic properties. Prodrugs account for about 10% to 14% of all drugs sanctioned worldwide. Prodrugs can be created for a variety of administration methods, including transdermal, oral, intravenous, and more. However, the oral route of administration is the most popular and preferable approach; hence, oral prodrugs are highlighted in this article. Our main objectives are to explain the fundamental ideas behind the prodrug strategy, give a rundown of successfully registered oral prodrugs, and evaluate the therapeutic gains made in contrast to the parent drug. In this review article, we have made an attempt to incorporate all the basic details of prodrugs like Introductions, classification, applications of prodrug design in diverse fields of drug development, and basic functional categories that are amenable to prodrug design are all covered in this article. Using electronic databases such Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane, a literature search was conducted to locate information.
Published in | International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 2) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11 |
Page(s) | 18-24 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Prodrugs, Development, Classification, Application, Functional Categories, Virulence
Prodrug type | Site of Conversion | Subtypes | Tissue location of conversion | Example |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type I | Intracellular | A | Therapeutics target tissues/cells | Type IA: Acyclovir, 5-Flurouracil, L-Dopa, Zidovudine etc. |
B | Metabolic Tissues (Liver, GI mucosal cell, lungs etc.) | Type IB: Cabamazepine, Carisoprodol, Heroin, Phenacetin, Sildinac, disulfide etc. | ||
Type II | Extracellular | A | GI fluids | Type IIA: Lisdexamfetamine, Oxyphenisation, Sulfasalazine |
B | Systemic circulation and other Extracellular fluid comaprtments | Type IIB: Succinate, Divivefin, Bambuterol, Dihydropyridine etc. | ||
C | Therapeutic target tissues/cells | Type IIC: ADPEs, GDEPs, VDEPs |
Prodrug | Chemical formula | Therapeutic Uses |
---|---|---|
Remdesivir | C27H35N6O8P | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and adolescents with pneumonia requiring supplemental oxygen [31, 32] |
OBI-3424 | C21H25N4O6P | Relapsed/refractory T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and castrate-resistant prostate cancer [33-35] |
Baloxavir marboxil | C27H23F2N3O7S | Influenza [36, 37] |
Selexipag | C26H32N4O4S | Pulmonary arterial hypertension [38] |
Valacyclovir | C13H20N6O4 | Herpesvirus [39, 40] |
Gabapentin enacarbil | C16H27NO6 | Restless leg syndrome, postherpetic neuralgia [41, 42] |
NUC-1031 | C25H27F2N4O8P | Advanced biliary tract cancer [43, 44] |
Tenofovir alafenamide | C21H29N6O5P | HIV/AIDS and chronic hepatitis B [45, 46] |
IC | Intracellular |
US | United States |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
EC | Extracellular |
TME | Tumour Microenvironment |
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APA Style
Gaur, R. (2024). Prodrugs: A Novel Approach of Drug Delivery. International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 10(2), 18-24. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11
ACS Style
Gaur, R. Prodrugs: A Novel Approach of Drug Delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Chem. 2024, 10(2), 18-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11
AMA Style
Gaur R. Prodrugs: A Novel Approach of Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm Chem. 2024;10(2):18-24. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11
@article{10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11, author = {Rishabh Gaur}, title = {Prodrugs: A Novel Approach of Drug Delivery }, journal = {International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry}, volume = {10}, number = {2}, pages = {18-24}, doi = {10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpc.20241002.11}, abstract = {In the last one-decade numbers of review and research, articles have been published on prodrugs. This shows the interest of researchers in prodrugs because of the advantages offered by them over other drug delivery systems. Prodrug design is a method to focus many of the issues that trouble drug discovery and development, such as solidity, virulence, solubility, permeability, and drug targeting. Prodrug design is an effective method for targeting medications by altering their physiochemical, pharmacological, or pharmacokinetic properties. Prodrugs account for about 10% to 14% of all drugs sanctioned worldwide. Prodrugs can be created for a variety of administration methods, including transdermal, oral, intravenous, and more. However, the oral route of administration is the most popular and preferable approach; hence, oral prodrugs are highlighted in this article. Our main objectives are to explain the fundamental ideas behind the prodrug strategy, give a rundown of successfully registered oral prodrugs, and evaluate the therapeutic gains made in contrast to the parent drug. In this review article, we have made an attempt to incorporate all the basic details of prodrugs like Introductions, classification, applications of prodrug design in diverse fields of drug development, and basic functional categories that are amenable to prodrug design are all covered in this article. Using electronic databases such Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane, a literature search was conducted to locate information. }, year = {2024} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Prodrugs: A Novel Approach of Drug Delivery AU - Rishabh Gaur Y1 - 2024/06/29 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11 DO - 10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11 T2 - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry JF - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry JO - International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry SP - 18 EP - 24 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2575-5749 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20241002.11 AB - In the last one-decade numbers of review and research, articles have been published on prodrugs. This shows the interest of researchers in prodrugs because of the advantages offered by them over other drug delivery systems. Prodrug design is a method to focus many of the issues that trouble drug discovery and development, such as solidity, virulence, solubility, permeability, and drug targeting. Prodrug design is an effective method for targeting medications by altering their physiochemical, pharmacological, or pharmacokinetic properties. Prodrugs account for about 10% to 14% of all drugs sanctioned worldwide. Prodrugs can be created for a variety of administration methods, including transdermal, oral, intravenous, and more. However, the oral route of administration is the most popular and preferable approach; hence, oral prodrugs are highlighted in this article. Our main objectives are to explain the fundamental ideas behind the prodrug strategy, give a rundown of successfully registered oral prodrugs, and evaluate the therapeutic gains made in contrast to the parent drug. In this review article, we have made an attempt to incorporate all the basic details of prodrugs like Introductions, classification, applications of prodrug design in diverse fields of drug development, and basic functional categories that are amenable to prodrug design are all covered in this article. Using electronic databases such Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sci Finder, Reaxys, and Cochrane, a literature search was conducted to locate information. VL - 10 IS - 2 ER -