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In vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial Activities of Garcinia kola Seeds (Clusiaceae)
Affo Dermane,
Sandra N’samba Gbati,
Batomayena Bakoma
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
111-117
Received:
3 November 2021
Accepted:
19 November 2021
Published:
25 November 2021
Abstract: The use of plants in health promotion is increasingly noteworthy in the face of the re-emergence of diseases and the limitation of conventional drugs. Garcinia kola (Clusiceae) is used in traditional medicine in Togo. The seeds, very used, are renowned for their anti-infective and antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to contribute to the valuation of Garcinia kola through the determination of its phytochemical groups and the evaluation of some of its biological activities. The supernatant was obtained by maceration ethanol/water (80/20) of powder from the seeds after separation. The phytochemical screening was carried out by staining and precipitation test. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH and FRAP test. Assessment of anti-inflammatory activity was performed by test of denaturation of bovine serum albumin protein (BSA) and denaturation of egg albumin protein (EA). The evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the extract was carried out by the agar diffusion and micro dilution method. The antibacterial effect was assessed by the MBC/MIC ratio. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, triterpenes, sterols and cardiotonic heterosides. The extract has shown an important antioxidant and anti-free radical activity concomitantly with its phytochemical makeup. The anti-inflammatory test, meanwhile, showed the ability of the extract to inhibit protein denaturation. Furthermore, antibacterial test revealed that the supernatant has activity on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC=3.125mg/mL). The result showed that the seeds of Garcinia kola have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities, which would justify phytodrug research.
Abstract: The use of plants in health promotion is increasingly noteworthy in the face of the re-emergence of diseases and the limitation of conventional drugs. Garcinia kola (Clusiceae) is used in traditional medicine in Togo. The seeds, very used, are renowned for their anti-infective and antioxidant properties. The objective of this study was to contribut...
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Importance of Psychosocial Factors in Evaluating the Degree of Bronchial Asthma and for Purposeful Pharmacotherapy
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
118-121
Received:
29 December 2020
Accepted:
16 January 2021
Published:
29 December 2021
Abstract: The presented case is based on the work of auditing doctor of health insurance company based on data from general practitioners and specialist in pneumology asking for payment an expensive medication. The role of supervision is to access the necessity and justification of costly treatment or to draw the attention of physicians to critical situations of the client and their appropriate solution not only focusing on pharmacology. Monitoring lifelong treatment revealed several key points to significantly affect health that were not properly treated, and this led to disability and, more recently, high treatment costs at later date. The patient's main critical situations have been linked to stress and anxiety but apart from the isolated intervention of a general practitioner, this fact was no considered, not even by specialists. Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory process, and it is known that psychosocial factors play important role as initiators and modifying factors. Their action may affect measurable values of the disease, self-monitoring of the symptoms and adherence for therapy. Not only the pharmacotherapy, but psychological care and strengthening mental health also plays an important role to improve patient well-being. The patient should be viewed in a complex way and early appropriate intervention in risk factors may prevent loss of working potential and economic loss in costly medication.
Abstract: The presented case is based on the work of auditing doctor of health insurance company based on data from general practitioners and specialist in pneumology asking for payment an expensive medication. The role of supervision is to access the necessity and justification of costly treatment or to draw the attention of physicians to critical situation...
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Delineation and Classifications of Adverse Drug Reaction: Brief Communication
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
122-124
Received:
7 December 2021
Accepted:
30 December 2021
Published:
31 December 2021
Abstract: Adverse drug reaction defined as reaction to medicine which is noxious and unintended and occurs at doses of medications normally used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment of disease or to change physiologic functions. Serious adverse effect defined as any unfavorable medical incidence that happens at any dose and results in death necessitates hospital admission or prolonged hospital stay, results in continuity or indispensable disability, or is life threatening. Type “A” adverse drug reaction is greatly happened and solely causes low mortality, and also treated by adjusting dose of the medication; for example toxic effects of alpha-adrenergic blockage side effects that is associated with tricyclic antidepressants; sexual dysfunction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; ototoxicity from aminoglycosides toxicity; serotonin syndrome of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Type “B” reactions signifies’ (bizarre, idiosyncratic), unpredictable or non-pharmacological, frequently allergic, response reactions are novel responses that are not anticipated from the familiar pharmacological actions of the medication. Type “C” reactions signifies’ ‘continuing or long term (time related)’ reactions, continue for a relatively long time and prolonged usage of medicine. Type “D” reactions signifies’ delayed (lag time)’ reactions, becomes presumed occasionally after the usage of a medication. Type “E” reactions signifies’ ‘ending-of-usage (withdrawal)’ reactions, is associated with the withdrawal of a medication. For example is withdrawal syndrome with benzodiazepines; withdrawal syndrome with tricyclic antidepressants and the undesired effects of ceasing the drug (for example, rebound hypertension with beta blockers). Type “F” reactions signifies’ unanticipated failure of therapy (no response). Where a medication unpleasantly escalates or de-escalates in efficacy, for examples, the de-escalated clearance of a medication by dialysis, or the de-escalated consequence of antimicrobials agents’ particularly anti-tuberculosis medication resistance due to resistant organism.
Abstract: Adverse drug reaction defined as reaction to medicine which is noxious and unintended and occurs at doses of medications normally used for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or treatment of disease or to change physiologic functions. Serious adverse effect defined as any unfavorable medical incidence that happens at any dose and results in death necessitates ...
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Classifying Causality of an Adverse Drug Reaction: Naranjo Algorithm
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 6, November 2021
Pages:
125-127
Received:
7 December 2021
Accepted:
29 December 2021
Published:
31 December 2021
Abstract: The Naranjo adverse drug reaction likelihood scale was elaborated to assist standardizes apprehensiveness of causality for entire adverse drug reaction.). Adverse drug reaction is an unpleasant or detrimental reaction proficiency pursuing the administration of a medication or combination of medications under usual circumstances of usage, which is doubted to be affiliated to the medicine. Causality delineated as the likelihood that a specific medication is accountable for a secluded consequence or adverse drug reaction. Certain (doubtful) causality if the total score is zero or lower. Possible causality delineated as if the total score is one to four. When a medical circumstances happens with a consequent time resultant to medication uptake, but which could be described by coincident malady or distinctive medication uptake. Probable or likely causality delineated as if the total score is five to eight. When a medical circumstance happens with a well-founded time consequence to medication uptake and is questionably to be owing to every coincident infirmity or disparate medication uptake. When a medical circumstances enclosing laboratory parameters anomaly happens in a presumptive time consociated to medication administered to the patients and cannot be described by coincident malady or distinctive medications or pharmaceutical products; administer of the mediation redundantly antecedents a connate response or reaction to discontinuation presumptive (a medicines qualities consequences, and relating to the study of malady).
Abstract: The Naranjo adverse drug reaction likelihood scale was elaborated to assist standardizes apprehensiveness of causality for entire adverse drug reaction.). Adverse drug reaction is an unpleasant or detrimental reaction proficiency pursuing the administration of a medication or combination of medications under usual circumstances of usage, which is d...
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